With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the safety issues of power battery modules have become increasingly prominent. Thermal runaway protection and thermal management are key links in ensuring battery safety. This article explores in depth the causes of thermal runaway in power battery modules and the development of protective technologies, with a focus on analyzing the types, properties, and applications of thermal management materials (including thermal conductive materials, thermal barrier materials, and phase change materials). It looks forward to the future development trends of thermal runaway protection and thermal management materials, aiming to provide theoretical support and technical references for the safe design and optimization of power battery modules.