The Battery Management System (BMS) is a critical control unit for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of electric vehicle batteries. Its electronic control component utilizes precision sensing, data acquisition, and algorithmic decision-making to achieve battery status monitoring, energy scheduling, and safety protection. Research indicates that optimizing the BMS's electronic control architecture and algorithm design can significantly enhance battery pack consistency, prolong battery life, and reduce system energy consumption. This paper focuses on electronic control as the core, systematically analyzing the BMS's structural composition, control mechanisms, and optimization design approaches, providing technical support and theoretical foundations for reliable electric vehicle operation.