With the continuous rise in the penetration rate of the new energy vehicle market, the reliability and efficiency of the drive system have increasingly become the core focus of the industry. As the key component of the drive system, the performance of the motor controller's control algorithm directly affects the power performance, economy, and ride comfort of the vehicle under various operating conditions. In typical operating conditions commonly encountered by new energy vehicles, such as low-speed high-load, high-speed cruising, and sudden acceleration/deceleration, the traditional vector control algorithm exhibits many prominent problems, including obvious torque ripple, significant decline in system efficiency, and lagging dynamic response, which severely restrict the improvement of vehicle performance and driving experience. To address these issues, this paper proposes a multi-mode adaptive control algorithm based on operating condition identification, which realizes dynamic adjustment of control strategies according to the characteristics of different operating conditions. Verified by both simulation analysis and bench tests, the optimized algorithm can effectively smooth the motor torque output, significantly reduce the iron loss and copper loss of the motor, and greatly improve the comprehensive efficiency of the drive system. Meanwhile, it plays an important role in enhancing the ride comfort and dynamic responsiveness of the vehicle, providing an effective solution for the upgrading of new energy vehicle drive control technology.