With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the automotive power system and charging safety have become the focus of industry research. Starting from the purpose of testing the electrical and charging safety performance of new energy vehicles, this article analyzes the risks of insulation failure, thermal runaway, and charging interface faults in high-voltage electrical systems of new energy vehicles. And the corresponding key safety detection technologies were analyzed from the aspects of vehicle high-voltage interlock, insulation resistance monitoring, power battery thermal management, charging communication protocol consistency, and charging pile grounding reliability.