With the continuous advancement of electrification, domain centralization, and software-defined architecture in new energy vehicles, the traditional low-voltage power distribution mode can no longer satisfy the demands of multi-controller concurrent operation, continuous power supply for critical loads, and rapid fault isolation. In response to the coordinated control requirements of intelligent low-voltage power distribution and on-board electronic equipment safety, an integrated technical framework covering hierarchical perception, power distribution, risk assessment, fault isolation, and degradation control is established. Based on this framework, a dynamic power distribution method driven by load priority, an abnormality identification method based on state fusion, and a coordinated control strategy oriented to vehicle safety objectives are proposed. The results show that this approach can improve power supply continuity, shorten fault location time, suppress fault propagation, and simultaneously support harness light weighting and platform scalability.